By Dr. Bryan Rithesh Miranda
Have you ever met someone with two different coloured eyes? This unique condition, called heterochromia, fascinates many people. While it might seem rare, heterochromia has a clear scientific explanation.
What Is Heterochromia?
Heterochromia refers to a condition where a person’s iris (the coloured part of the eye) are different in colour. Most people's eyes match in colour, but for those with heterochromia, one iris might be blue while the other is brown, or other combinations.
Types of Heterochromia
There are three main types of heterochromia:
1. Complete Heterochromia: In this type, one iris is entirely different in colour from the other. For example, one eye may be blue while the other is brown.
2. Sectoral (or Partial) Heterochromia: In this case, part of one iris is a different colour from the rest of the eye. For instance, someone might have a brown eye with a splash of green or blue.
3. Central Heterochromia: This occurs when there are two different colour in the same iris. Usually, one colour forms a ring around the pupil, while another colour appears on the outer part of the iris.
Causes of Heterochromia
Heterochromia can be present at birth (congenital) or develop later in life (acquired).
Congenital Heterochromia: This form is typically harmless and results from a variation in the distribution of melanin, the pigment that gives color to the eyes. Genes inherited from parents can influence this uneven distribution.
Acquired Heterochromia: Sometimes, heterochromia occurs due to injury, certain medications, or medical conditions like Horner's syndrome, glaucoma, or tumors. In these cases, a doctor might investigate to ensure there are no underlying health issues.
Is heterochromia harmful?
In most cases, heterochromia doesn’t affect a person’s vision or eye health. When it's congenital, it's usually just a cosmetic difference. However, if heterochromia appears suddenly or is accompanied by other symptoms, it could indicate a medical condition, and a professional evaluation may be needed.
Notable Uses and Cultural Significance
People with heterochromia often stand out due to their unique eye colours, making them memorable. This distinct look can sometimes draw attention in professions like acting and modelling. Additionally, some cultures view heterochromia as a sign of good luck or special powers.
Heterochromia is an intriguing condition that creates visual diversity in eye colour. While it may seem rare, it’s often harmless and simply adds to the uniqueness of individuals who have it. If you're curious about eye colour variations, heterochromia offers an exciting insight into how genetics and biology influence human appearance.
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